Warm the aromatics. Heat the olive oil in a large pot over medium heat. Add the onion and bell pepper.
Cook, stirring occasionally, until softened and slightly golden at the edges, about 6–8 minutes.
Add garlic and spices. Stir in the garlic, cumin, smoked paprika, oregano, and red pepper flakes. Cook for 30–60 seconds until fragrant. This step helps the spices bloom and deepens flavor.
Build the base. Stir in the tomato paste and cook for 1 minute to caramelize it a bit.
Add the black beans, 3 cups of broth, bay leaf, salt, and a few grinds of black pepper. Bring to a gentle simmer.
Simmer to meld flavors. Reduce heat to low and let the soup simmer uncovered for 15–20 minutes, stirring occasionally. Add more broth if you prefer a thinner consistency.
Blend for body. Remove the bay leaf.
Using an immersion blender, blend the soup in the pot until about half smooth, half chunky. If you don’t have an immersion blender, transfer 2 cups of soup to a blender, blend until smooth, then return it to the pot. Adjust thickness with extra broth as needed.
Finish and taste. Stir in the lime juice and cilantro.
Taste and adjust seasoning with more salt, pepper, or lime. For extra smokiness, add a pinch more smoked paprika.
Serve with toppings. Ladle into bowls and finish with your favorites: avocado, sour cream, green onions, cheese, and crushed tortilla chips. A drizzle of hot sauce is great here.